Halloween Costume ideas 2015
September 2013
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Lesson 15
Base 1 + nakereba
      Base 1 + nakereba is used to make negative conditional sentences -- what will happen if something doesn't happen. Look at these examples:
  • Ojii-san wa sugu kaeranakereba watashi wa makudonarudo ni ikimasu. (If Grandpa doesn't return soon I'm going to McDonald's.)
  • Miki wa heya o tsukawanakereba Junko wa tsukaitai desu. (If Miki isn't going to use the room Junko wants to use it.)
  • Naoko wa kasa o karinakereba (kanojo wa) koukai suru deshou. (If Naoko doesn't borrow an umbrella she'll probably regret it.)
      A very convenient thing about Japanese is the fact that you can omit subjects that are understood or obvious -- you don't have to retain them for the sake of good grammar, as in English. In the last example above there is no question that kanojo wa (she) is Naoko, so it is omitted.


      Please remember that the na in nakereba comes from nai and is the negative element. The kereba is the conditional ("if") element. Remembering this will come in handy in future studies.
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Lesson 14
Base 1 + nai deshou
Here's an easy one. Adding deshou after nai means that somebody is probably not going to do something, or that something is not likely to happen:
  • John wa kasa o kawanai deshou. (John probably isn't going to buy an umbrella.)
  • Jim wa manga o yomanai deshou. (Jim probably doesn't read comic books.)
  • Yuki wa furanai deshou. (It probably won't snow.)
Actually, deshou is a handy add-on that works with other endings, like plain positive (Base 3) verbs and the Base 2 polite masu/masen:
  • Ojii-san wa sugu kaeru deshou. (Grandpa will probably return soon.)
  • Sachiko wa kuru deshou. (Sachiko will probably come.)
  • Bill wa ika o tabemasen deshou. (Bill probably won't/doesn't eat squid.)
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Lesson 13
Base 1 + nai - The Plain Negative Form
      Before we look at Base 1, let's quickly review the types of verbs. There are yodan, like kau, iku, matsu, and yomu; ichidan, like taberu and miru; and the two irregulars kuru and suru. If you don't remember the meanings of these please go back and review them.

      Ichidan are easy to convert into Base 1 because you just knock off the ru. In other words, their Base 1 is the same as their Base 2. The yodan group are changed so they end in a: iku changes to ika, matsu to mata, yomu to yoma, and etc. If the verb ends in u with another vowel before it, like kau, just change the u to wa; so kau becomes kawa. The irregular kuru changes to ko, and suru to shi, just like its Base 2 form.

      Below are some tables to help clarify the way the three types of verbs are converted into Bases 1 and 2 from their plain forms, which happen to be Base 3. For the sake of simplification I didn't mention it then, but all the verbs introduced in Lesson 1 were in their Base 3 forms, which, again, is their true, unconjugated root form, and how they will usually look in a dictionary. Please note the changes carefully.

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Lesson 12
Forming Questions with ka
        Making questions in Japanese is easy. Unlike English, where you have that silliness of subjects and verbs trading places, in Japanese all you do is stick ka on the end of a word, phrase, or sentence to turn it into a question. For example, do you remember "Ojii-san wa sugu kaerimasu" from Lesson 2? (Grandpa will return soon.) Well, just slap ka on the end and you've turned it into a question: "Ojii-san wa sugu kaerimasu ka." (Will Grandpa return soon?) Let's make questions out of some of our other previous examples:
  • Yoshi wa ringo o tabemashita ka. (Did Yoshi eat an apple?)
  • Miki wa sono eiga o mitai desu ka. (Does Miki want to see that movie?)
  • Yasumimashou ka. (Shall we take a break?)

By the way, true Japanese doesn't use a question mark. You will see it used often, usually in advertisements or trendy one-liners, but real Japanese literature does not use it. In a sense, ka is the question mark
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Lesson 11
Irregular Verbs kuru and suru
        Did something seem amiss with the last example in Lesson 10? I hope so, because it means you noticed that while it looks like a yodan verb, it conjugated like an ichidan. It is now time to introduce the irregular verbs kuru and suru.

        We have already practiced using yodan and ichidan verbs. Besides these are the irregulars, but the good news is that there are only two: kuru, which means "to come"; and suru, which means "to do." These two have their own set of rules when it comes to conjugating, but since both are used frequently they can be mastered quickly and naturally.
The Base 2 form of kuru is just ki. Let's use it to review some of the endings already learned:
  • Bob wa kimasu. (Bob will come.)
  • Sue wa kimasen. (Sue won't come/won't be coming.)
  • John wa kimashita. (John came.)
  • Ken wa kimasen deshita. (Ken didn't come.)
  • Yumi wa kitai desu. (Yumi wants to come.)
Suru is not only a handy "stand alone" verb, but is also used to make countless nouns into verbs: benkyou suru (study), shimpai suru (worry), chuumon suru (place an order), yakusoku suru (promise). The Base 2 form of suru is shi. Look at these examples:
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Lesson 10
Base 2 + nasai
Add nasai to verbs in Base 2 form for simple commands:
  • Tabenasai! (Eat!)
  • Minasai! (Look!)
  • Yominasai! (Read it!)
  • Iinasai! (Tell me!)
  • Suwarinasai! (Sit down!)
  • Koko ni kinasai! (Come here!)
Word Check
taberu: to eat
miru: to look
yomu: to read
iu: to say
suwaru: to sit
kuru: to come

(Verbs are shown in their plain form.)
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Lesson 9
Base 2 + mashou
Sometimes it's written masho with a line above the o, but either way this one is easy to remember. It simply means "let's (do something)." For example:
  • Ikimashou. (Let's go.)
  • Tabemashou. (Let's eat.)
  • Yasumimashou. (Let's take a break.)
As in English, this is also used to mean "I'll do (something) (for you)/Let me do (something) (for you)," as in:
  • Watashi wa hakobimashou. (I'll carry this/these [for you].)*
  • (to a pet) Esa o agemashou. (Let's get you some food.)
  • Anata no jitensha o naoshimashou. (I'll fix your bicycle./I'll help you fix your bicycle.)
* In Japanese, the object (as well as the subject) can be omitted when it is known or obvious. In fact, in this example, hakobimashou would be both natural and grammatically sufficient.
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Lesson 8
Base 2 + takunai / takunai desu
These are used to show the opposite of tai and tai desu covered in the last lesson: that you don't want to do something. Add desu to make it polite. Let's make the examples in Lesson 7 negative. We'll make the first two plain:
  • Watakushi wa kasa o kaitakunai. (I don't want to buy an umbrella.)
  • Kodomotachi wa asobitakunai. (The children don't want to play.)
Now let's make the next two polite:
  • Bob wa tempura o tabetakunai desu. (Bob doesn't want to eat tempura.)
  • Miki wa sono eiga o mitakunai desu. (Miki doesn't want to see that movie.)
Simple enough, right? Two of these examples use yodan verbs, and two use ichidan. Can you still tell them apart? 
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Lesson 7
Base 2 + tai / tai desu
Another very useful Base 2 ending is tai, which is used to show that you want to do something:
  • Watashi wa kasa o kaitai. (I want to buy an umbrella.)
  • Kodomotachi wa asobitai. (The children want to play.)
  • Bob wa tempura o tabetai. (Bob wants to eat tempura.)
  • Miki wa sono eiga o mitai. (Miki wants to see that movie.)
The above examples are plain forms. To make them polite, add desu: Watashi wa kasa o kaitai desu, etc.
Please note that tai is only used with verbs, and is never used alone with an object. For example, you wouldn't say watashi wa inu o tai for "I want a dog," you would use the adjective hoshii and say, "Watakushi wa inu ga hoshii desu." This structure will be covered later on.
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Lesson 6
Base 2 + masen deshita
As you recall from Lesson 4, masen shows negative tense. To make that negative past tense we just add deshita. Let's change a few of the examples shown in Lesson 5:

  • John wa Hiroshima ni ikimasen deshita. (John didn't go to Hiroshima.)
  • Kodomotachi wa kouen de asobimasen deshita. (The children didn't play at the park.)
  • Yoshi wa ringo o tabemasen deshita. (Yoshi didn't eat an apple.)



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Lesson 5
Base 2 + mashita
Mashita is used to change verbs to their past polite form. Let's make some examples:
  • John wa Hiroshima ni ikimashita. (John went to Hiroshima.)
  • Kodomotachi wa kouen de asobimashita. (The children played at the park.)
  • Yoshi wa ringo o tabemashita. (Yoshi ate an apple.)
  • Shizu wa manga o kaimashita. (Shizu bought a comic book.)
  • Bob wa sono eiga o mimashita. (Bob saw that movie.)
There are yodan and ichidan verbs in the examples above. Can you tell them apart?
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Lesson 4
Base 2 + masen
Now that you're a little familiar with Base 2, let's try masen, which is the negative form of masu. Look at these yodan examples:
  • Watashi wa kasa o kaimasen. (I'm not going to buy an umbrella.)
  • Kare wa machimasen. (He won't wait.)
  • Kimiko wa Osaka ni ikimasen. (Kimiko isn't going to Osaka.)
And some ichidan:
  • Watashi wa ima tabemasen. (I'm not going to eat now.)
  • Kanojo wa kasa o karimasen. (She isn't going to borrow an umbrella.)
Easy enough, right? In the next lesson we'll try past tense.
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Lesson 3
Ichidan Verbs with Base 2 + masu

Ichidan verbs are a snap, because you change them to Base 2 by just dropping the ru at the end. Look carefully at these ichidan verbs and how they conjugate, and notice how they differ from the yodan group covered in Lesson 2: 
 
Plain Verb (English)
Base 2 Form
Polite Verb Form
taberu (eat)
tabe
tabemasu
oboeru (remember)
oboe
oboemasu
kimeru (decide)
kime
kimemasu
deru (leave, come out)
de
demasu
kariru (borrow)
kari
karimasu
miru (look, watch)
mi
mimasu
Here are some examples:
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Lesson 2
Yodan Verbs with Base 2 + masu
The first ending you'll want to master is the polite form masu. Since masu requires the Base 2 form, yodan verbs are changed so they end in i -- their "Base 2" form -- before the masu ending is added. Notice how the following yodan verbs change in order to add masu, the present polite ending. Especially notice how verbs ending in su and tsu change:
 
Plain Verb (English)
Base 2 Form
Polite Verb Form
kau (buy)
kai
kaimasu
aruku (walk)
aruki
arukimasu
isogu (hurry)
isogi
isogimasu
kasu (lend)
kashi
kashimasu
matsu (wait)
machi
machimasu
shinu (die)
shini
shinimasu
asobu (play)
asobi
asobimasu
yomu (read)
yomi
yomimasu
kaeru (return)
kaeri
kaerimasu
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Lesson 1
The Plain Form
Please remember that all Japanese verbs end in u, but to be more precise, it's the last syllable of the plain form that ends in u. Let's take the verb aruku, which means "to walk," for example: it ends in ku, not u. Remembering this will make further study much easier.

There are 3 types of verbs in Japanese: yodan, ichidan, and irregular. First we will look at only some simple yodan verbs, which can end in u, ku, gu, su, tsu, nu, bu, mu, or ru:
  • kau (buy)
  • aruku (walk)
  • isogu (hurry)
  • kasu (lend)
  • matsu (wait)
  • shinu (die)
  • asobu (play)
  • yomu (read)
  • kaeru (return)

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