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Lesson 15
Base 1 + nakereba
      Base 1 + nakereba is used to make negative conditional sentences -- what will happen if something doesn't happen. Look at these examples:
  • Ojii-san wa sugu kaeranakereba watashi wa makudonarudo ni ikimasu. (If Grandpa doesn't return soon I'm going to McDonald's.)
  • Miki wa heya o tsukawanakereba Junko wa tsukaitai desu. (If Miki isn't going to use the room Junko wants to use it.)
  • Naoko wa kasa o karinakereba (kanojo wa) koukai suru deshou. (If Naoko doesn't borrow an umbrella she'll probably regret it.)
      A very convenient thing about Japanese is the fact that you can omit subjects that are understood or obvious -- you don't have to retain them for the sake of good grammar, as in English. In the last example above there is no question that kanojo wa (she) is Naoko, so it is omitted.


      Please remember that the na in nakereba comes from nai and is the negative element. The kereba is the conditional ("if") element. Remembering this will come in handy in future studies.
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Lesson 14
Base 1 + nai deshou
Here's an easy one. Adding deshou after nai means that somebody is probably not going to do something, or that something is not likely to happen:
  • John wa kasa o kawanai deshou. (John probably isn't going to buy an umbrella.)
  • Jim wa manga o yomanai deshou. (Jim probably doesn't read comic books.)
  • Yuki wa furanai deshou. (It probably won't snow.)
Actually, deshou is a handy add-on that works with other endings, like plain positive (Base 3) verbs and the Base 2 polite masu/masen:
  • Ojii-san wa sugu kaeru deshou. (Grandpa will probably return soon.)
  • Sachiko wa kuru deshou. (Sachiko will probably come.)
  • Bill wa ika o tabemasen deshou. (Bill probably won't/doesn't eat squid.)

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